2009年5月23日 星期六

「英詩閱讀欣賞與翻譯示範」1: Sailing to Byzantium

拙著「英詩閱讀欣賞與翻譯示範」開始在誠品書店上架了,對英詩有興趣的讀者或朋友們有空不妨去看看並予意見回饋。這裡先貼上部份內容供大家參考。

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葉慈的「航向拜占庭」一詩或許可說是二十世紀英語世界名氣最大一首詩。這首詩在台灣的名氣也很大,許多讀者很想了解這首詩,也有許多翻譯者或英文系所教授譯過這首詩。遺憾的是,以前譯這首詩的那些前輩們對原文語文的掌握不太精確,意思有不少走樣,再加上譯入語的掌控能力也不太好,使葉慈這首名詩在漢語世界頗受「委曲」。今天的「英詩閱讀欣賞與翻譯示範」內文選貼就先選有關這首詩的部份來與讀者共享:

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Sailing to Byzantium

THAT is no country for old men. The young
In one another’s arms, birds in the trees
- Those dying generations - at their song,
The salmon-falls, the mackerel-crowded seas,
Fish, flesh, or fowl, commend all summer long
Whatever is begotten, born, and dies.
Caught in that sensual music all neglect
Monuments of unageing intellect.

An aged man is but a paltry thing,
A tattered coat upon a stick, unless
Soul clap its hands and sing, and louder sing
For every tatter in its mortal dress,
Nor is there singing school but studying
Monuments of its own magnificence;
And therefore I have sailed the seas and come
To the holy city of Byzantium.



O sages standing in God’s holy fire
As in the gold mosaic of a wall,
Come from the holy fire, perne in a gyre,
And be the singing-masters of my soul.
Consume my heart away; sick with desire
And fastened to a dying animal
It knows not what it is; and gather me
Into the artifice of eternity.

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Once out of nature I shall never take
My bodily form from any natural thing,
But such a form as Grecian goldsmiths make
Of hammered gold and gold enamelling
To keep a drowsy Emperor awake;
Or set upon a golden bough to sing
To lords and ladies of Byzantium
Of what is past, or passing, or to come.



--- William Butler Yeats

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航向拜占庭

此非老人可適之邦,少年
偎著各自臂膀,鳥在樹聚,
---- 那些趨死世代----正歌唱間,
鮭魚瀑布,鯖魚簇擁海域,
游魚、飛鳥、走獸,整夏頌讚
任何孕、生、和死之物語。
陷困於此肉慾音樂,彼皆
忽視永世不老智慧碑碣。

人老無非就是蒼頹朽物,
一件掛瘦棍上破衣-------除非
靈魂能擊掌歌,且歌愈兀,
為詠肉身衣裳每一破碎,
然其亦無歌教之所------除非
其能研習自身偉業碑碣;
此所以我飄洋過海遠行
來到這神聖古城拜占庭。

啊,玉立上帝神火中聖賢,
爾如鑲嵌於壁之黃金飾,
請從神火中出,做急陀旋,
並請做我靈魂之歌吟師,
請將我心融噬 ----- 因慾病奄,
且困縛於一垂死動物尸,
它已不知自己;請將我取
入永恆之天工妙藝境域。 Normal 0 0 2

一旦出脫自然,我將永不
再從自然界求任何體式,
而寧取如古希臘金匠傅
以錘金和金琉璃製物事,
使瞌睡皇帝不沈沈夢入,
不然就棲停於黃金樹枝,
對著拜占庭的王公貴嬪
歌詠著過去、將逝、和將臨。

W. B. 葉慈


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「航向拜占庭」或許可說是葉慈最有名的一首詩,它或許也是二十世紀英語世界名氣最大的一首詩。

此詩分四段,每段八行,每行十音節,各段的韻式為一、三、五/二、四、六/七、八行各押一韻,也就是每段各三個韻。此詩文體蒼勁,音韻鏗鏘激越,第二段的末兩行韻腳到第四段末又做了一個倒轉的終結式呼應,也十分具有巧思。

這首詩為英語世界留下了不少膾炙人口的名句。第一段前幾行當然是英語人口人人朗朗上口的。第二段的An aged man is but a paltry thing, A tattered coat upon a stick, unless Soul clap its hands and sing, and louder sing For every tatter in its mortal dress, 也是精采已極。讀者應該不難理解「肉身衣裳每一破碎」指的是老年身體機能的障礙、退化和病痛:衰朽的老人無非是個蒼頹無用的朽物-----除非他的靈魂能
擊掌高歌,且當身體有病痛或退化時更要激越的歌唱(※後面這句話楊牧譯為:「歌詠襤褸穿著生死必然的衣裳」???)。讀者讀到這段或許也會想到Dylan Thomas的Rage, rage against the dying of light. 基本上,兩者是同一意義的不同表達,差別只是後者講的是「臨終」的態度,前者講的則是老年的繼續奮起和生命力的頑強燃燒。

第二段第五行的Nor is there singing school but studying Monuments of its own magnificence; 也是前輩譯者都看不懂而皆譯錯的。

Nor是「追加否定」,這是大家都知道的。那麼它之前的否定在哪呢?我認為是An aged man is but a paltry thing.中的but(隱含的否定implied negation)。這句Nor is there singing school but studying Monuments of its own magnificence;可以有兩種解讀,一是把but解成without,而讀成There is no singing school that does not study Monuments of its own magnificence(歌教所無不在研習自身偉業的碑碣); 另一個解法則是將but解為unless,將此句視為There can be no singing school unless it (靈魂soul) can study Monuments of its own magnificence. 我的解讀傾向於後者,因為這既能呼應前面的unless Soul clap its hands and sing,亦能呼應第一段最後兩行的Caught in that sensual music all neglect / Monuments of unageing intellect.

Singing school是英美民間教習歌唱的私人社團,常跟教會有關。Singing school內的歌唱教師則稱為singing master。葉慈這幾句詩的意思是,人到老年已是無用廢物,除非其靈魂能夠歌唱。然而靈魂(在身體內外)也不會有歌吟之所,除非它能研習其弘揚自我(智慧/藝術)的碑碣(然而除非這個老人曾有偉大的智慧藝術成就,他的靈魂也不可能有頌揚自我的碑碣可供研習)。因為當世的愛爾蘭和歐洲已是一團混亂(一次大戰後整個歐洲都陷入絕望的混亂狀態),所以他選擇飄洋過海來到他理想中的古代聖城拜占庭(※當然,這只是詩中的「想像之旅」)。

第三段最後一行的artifice多數人都照字典譯為「藝術」,但其實這個字用在此處也有建築的意思,下面這個網頁有張圖片可以說明:http://www.uky.edu/Classes/A-H/322/yeatssailing.htm ,所以我就逕譯為「天工妙藝境域」。

在最後兩段中,葉慈也表示了他對於肉身在人世間做無意義輪迴(葉慈當然也會知道印度宗教哲學的輪迴觀念)且不斷為情慾所苦一事感到厭倦,所以寧願在「經火煉化」後成為永世不變,且不為七情六慾所苦,只會唱歌為世人娛樂或警告的拜占庭藝術精品。拜占庭在這首詩內則是代表藝術極緻發達的盛世。(※東羅馬帝國曾有過這樣的盛世。)

2008年9月15日 星期一

莎士比亞十四行詩 66

莎士比亞十四行詩 66
Sonnet 66

Tired with all these, for restful death I cry,
As, to behold desert a beggar born,
And needy nothing trimm'd in jollity,
And purest faith unhappily forsworn,
And guilded honour shamefully misplaced,
And maiden virtue rudely strumpeted,
And right perfection wrongfully disgraced,
And strength by limping sway disabled,
And art made tongue-tied by authority,
And folly doctor-like controlling skill,
And simple truth miscall'd simplicity,
And captive good attending captain ill:
Tired with all these, from these would I be gone,
Save that, to die, I leave my love alone.

66
煩此種種,吾渴求死安息:
目睹有長才者生而為乞,
混混無德能者華服艷衣,
信仰至純者遭不幸弄棄,
金輝榮耀被無恥亂贈賦
貞潔處女遭暴力迫為妓,
正確完美橫遭錯誤羞辱
壯能為弱智壓制無用地,
智識為權威鉗制不准語,
愚昧儼如博士指揮技術*,
素樸道理被誣指為陋愚,
善者為奴僕服侍邪痞主
煩此種種,令吾寧願早逝,
只恐吾死,吾愛獨留人世。

註釋:

1. desert = a deserving person

2. needy nothing = 一無是處者 one who lacks all kinds of qualities.

3. And guilded honour shamefully misplaced: 莎士比亞若是生在今天的台灣一定會更痛惡那些一年到頭生產「x帝」、「x后」又慷窮苦納稅之慨的三「金」獎。

4. limping sway = feeble leaders; 無能的領導人。

5. folly doctor-like: 愚蠢的貨色假裝成博士,或是空有博士學位卻是個豬腦袋。莎士比亞是沒有受正式教育的自學者,一些註釋者認為這句詩大有後者這個意思。在西方傳統插畫中,「愚蠢」的「擬人化」(personification)畫像也的確都穿著(貴族名流的)學者袍服。

葉慈的一首憂憤詩

ALL THINGS CAN TEMPT ME

ALL things can tempt me from this craft of verse:
One time it was a woman's face, or worse --
The seeming needs of my fool-driven land;
Now nothing but comes readier to the hand
Than this accustomed toil. When I was young,
I had not given a penny for a song
Did not the poet Sing it with such airs
That one believed he had a sword upstairs;
Yet would be now, could I but have my wish,
Colder and dumber and deafer than a fish.
凡事皆能令我疏於琢詩,
一度是女子美貌,或更下之,
吾蠢漢驅策祖國之假需。
如今再無比此習慣苦劬,
更親我手之事。當吾年少,
吾未嘗予歌者一文以犒,
除非那詩人慨歌之氣焰,
足讓人信其樓上有把劍,
今吾只願-----倘吾願得從----
比條魚更冷淡、喑啞、耳聾。

這是葉慈在20世紀初,因厭倦其祖國愛爾蘭無解之政治惡鬥後,憤而寫下的一首詩。前陣子讀後,心頗戚戚。但願我能在變得「比魚更冷淡、喑啞、耳聾」之前,為我的「為蠢漢所驅策之祖國」做點事吧。

2008年9月12日 星期五

令人心碎的抗議歌曲

令人心碎的抗議歌曲 - 精湛絕倫的編曲和演唱

下面是Youtube 上面由 Judith Durham 所唱的 All My Trials 一曲的連結。

http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=LcdeQgB5rvs

這首歌是50年代最重要的抗議歌曲之一,許多流行樂明星,包括Joan Baez在內,都有灌錄這一曲,但沒有人唱的能比得上受過古典音樂訓練(聲樂和鋼琴)的 Judith Durham。也只有像Durham 這樣的歌唱者才能以如此簡單、清爽的編曲呈現其歌聲的素樸的天籟美質。

All My Trials, Lord

Hush little baby, don't you cry
You know your mama was born to die
All my trials, Lord, soon be over

Too late, my brothers
Too late, but never mind
All my trials, Lord, soon be over

If religion were a thing that money could buy
The rich would live and the poor would die
All my trials, Lord, soon be over

I've got a little book that was given to me
And every page spells liberty
All my trials, Lord, soon be over

There is a tree in Paradise
And the pilgrims call it the Tree of Life
All my trials, Lord, soon be over